Effects of long duration, low dose bronopol exposure on the control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), parasitising rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Abstract

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 infections on intensively reared fish stocks can increase rapidly, which if left unmanaged, can result in the heavy loss of stock. The present study explores the efficacy of long duration, low dose (1, 2 and 5 mg L-1) treatments of bronopol (marketed as PycezeTM, Novartis Ltd.) in reducing the number of trophonts establishing on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss held under small scale culture conditions. The effect of bronopol on the colonisation success of infective theronts was also investigated by adding 2 mg L-1 bronopol to the water prior and during the infection process. The number of parasites surviving on fish treated this way was compared to groups of fish that only received treatment after infection had occurred. The effect of bronopol on exiting trophonts throughout their external development to the point of theront release was also assessed through the delivery of 1 mg L-1, 2 mg L-1 and 5 mg L-1 bronopol for up to 27 days consecutively (days 9-36 post-infection). The trial showed that a nominal dose of 2 mg L-1 bronopol administered prior to infection significantly reduced the number of theronts surviving in the water column at the time of the initial challenge by 35-40% (P less than 0.05). Similarly, doses of 2 and 5 mg L-1 bronopol administered as the first wave of mature I. multifiliis trophonts exited fish (i.e. day 11 onwards) to develop externally, reduced the number of trophonts establishing on fish as the second cycle of infection by 52-83%. Continuous application of 2 and 5 mg L-1 bronopol throughout the second and third cycles of I. multifiliis infection gave further reductions of between 90 and 98%. The number of trophonts on the fish in the control tanks and those treated with 1 mg L-1 and the 2 mg L-1 dose at the time of initial infection, by comparison, were observed to increase with successive cycles of infection. From these small scale tank trials, this study demonstrates that the strategic, long duration, low dose delivery of drugs like bronopol can significantly reduce the number of trophonts establishing on fish suggesting the potential of this drug at managing I. multifiliis infections.