Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24074
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dc.contributor.authorCarmona-Antoñanzas, Gretaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorHumble, Joseph Len_UK
dc.contributor.authorCarmichael, Stephen Nen_UK
dc.contributor.authorHeumann, Janen_UK
dc.contributor.authorChristie, Hayden R Len_UK
dc.contributor.authorGreen, Darren Men_UK
dc.contributor.authorBassett, David Ien_UK
dc.contributor.authorBron, James Een_UK
dc.contributor.authorSturm, Arminen_UK
dc.date.accessioned2017-04-21T22:27:20Z-
dc.date.available2017-04-21T22:27:20Z-
dc.date.issued2016-11en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/24074-
dc.description.abstractThe salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) is an ectoparasite causing infections ofwild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Northern hemisphere.While L. salmonis control at commercial mariculture sites increasingly employs non-medicinal approaches, such as cage designs reducing infection rates and biological control through cleaner fish, anti-parasitic drugs are still a requirement for effective fish health care. With only a limited range of salmon delousing agents available, all of which have been in use for more than a decade, drug resistance formation has been reported for different products. Successful resistance management requires reliable susceptibility assessment, which is usually achieved through L. salmonis bioassays. These tests involve the exposure of parasites to different drug concentrations and require significant numbers of suitable L. salmonis stages. The present study reports an alternative bioassay that is based on time-to-response toxicity analyses and can be carried outwith limited parasite numbers. The assay determines the median effective time (ET50), i.e., the time required until impaired swimming and/or attachment behaviour becomes apparent in 50% of parasites, by conducting repeated examinations of test animals starting at the timepointwhere exposure to a set drug concentration commences. This experimental approach further allows the estimation of the apparent drug susceptibility of individual L. salmonis by determining their time to response, which may prove useful in experiments designed to elucidate associations between genetic factors and the drug susceptibility phenotype of parasites. Three laboratory strains of L. salmonis differing in susceptibility to emamectin benzoate were characterised using standard 24 h bioassays and time-to-response toxicity assays. While both the median effective concentration (EC50) and the ET50 showed variability between experimental repeats, both types of bioassay consistently discriminated susceptible and drug-resistant L. salmonis laboratory strains. Statement of relevance: Infections by sea lice cause significant costs to the global salmon farming industry, which have been estimated to exceed €300 million per year worldwide. Control of sea lice still relies to a significant extent on chemical delousing; however, chemical control is threatened by resistance formation. Resistance can be combated by rotation between different drugs and strategic implementation of non-medicinal strategies. However, resistance management requires reliable and feasible methods of susceptibility assessment. The present study is a technical note introducing a novel approach to susceptibility assessments in sea lice. The method can be applied in susceptibility assessments on farms,where it offers the advantage of a reduced requirement of parasites for testing. In addition, the novel method allows deriving the times of parasite require to showa response after drug treatment has started, thus providing a variable characterizing the drug susceptibility phenotype of individual parasites. Accordingly, the bioassay approach presented here will be useful for studies aiming at unravelling the genetic determinants of drug resistance.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.relationCarmona-Antoñanzas G, Humble JL, Carmichael SN, Heumann J, Christie HRL, Green DM, Bassett DI, Bron JE & Sturm A (2016) Time-to-response toxicity analysis as a method for drug susceptibility assessment in salmon lice. Aquaculture, 464, pp. 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.007en_UK
dc.rights© The Author(s). 2016 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.en_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_UK
dc.subjectParasiteen_UK
dc.subjectDrug susceptibilityen_UK
dc.subjectEmamectin benzoateen_UK
dc.subjectSea liceen_UK
dc.subjectSalmon delousing agenten_UK
dc.titleTime-to-response toxicity analysis as a method for drug susceptibility assessment in salmon liceen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.007en_UK
dc.identifier.pmid27812230en_UK
dc.citation.jtitleAquacultureen_UK
dc.citation.issn0044-8486en_UK
dc.citation.volume464en_UK
dc.citation.spage570en_UK
dc.citation.epage575en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.contributor.funderBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Councilen_UK
dc.contributor.funderScottish Salmon Producers Organisationen_UK
dc.author.emailg.e.carmonaantonanzas@stir.ac.uken_UK
dc.citation.date04/08/2016en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Aquacultureen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Aquacultureen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Stirlingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Stirlingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Stirlingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Aquacultureen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationMachrihanishen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Aquacultureen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Aquacultureen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000383370300073en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-84981156612en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid553507en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0001-9026-5675en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0002-7529-0829en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0003-3544-0519en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0003-2632-1999en_UK
dc.date.accepted2016-08-03en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2016-08-03en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2016-08-22en_UK
dc.relation.funderprojectIdentifying molecular determinants of drug susceptibility in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)en_UK
dc.relation.funderprojectIdentifying molecular determinants of drug susceptibility in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)en_UK
dc.relation.funderrefBB/L022923/1en_UK
rioxxterms.apcpaiden_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorCarmona-Antoñanzas, Greta|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorHumble, Joseph L|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorCarmichael, Stephen N|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorHeumann, Jan|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorChristie, Hayden R L|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGreen, Darren M|0000-0001-9026-5675en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBassett, David I|0000-0002-7529-0829en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBron, James E|0000-0003-3544-0519en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSturm, Armin|0000-0003-2632-1999en_UK
local.rioxx.projectNot applicable|Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation|en_UK
local.rioxx.projectBB/L022923/1|Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council|http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate2016-08-22en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|2016-08-22|en_UK
local.rioxx.filenameCarmona_Antonanzas2016.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
local.rioxx.source0044-8486en_UK
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