Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1496
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dc.contributor.authorKennedy, Craig Jen_UK
dc.contributor.authorHiller, Jennifer Cen_UK
dc.contributor.authorLammie, Donnaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorVest, Marieen_UK
dc.contributor.authorDrakopoulos, Michaelen_UK
dc.contributor.authorCooper, Martinen_UK
dc.contributor.authorAdderley, W Paulen_UK
dc.contributor.authorWess, Timothy Jen_UK
dc.date.accessioned2013-06-09T05:03:01Z-
dc.date.available2013-06-09T05:03:01Zen_UK
dc.date.issued2004-08en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/1496-
dc.description.abstractWe propose a new method of investigating variation of preservation within a parchment sample, which allows a more detailed analysis of alteration of the material structure. X-ray diffraction analysis of parchment typically involves the sample aligned with the plane of the parchment perpendicular to the direction of the X-ray beam, with a beam size of approximately 200 um and an image consisting of the composite diffraction features from the entire thickness of the sample. Here we describe the use of microfocus X-ray beams, with a beam size of 1.5 um vertically x 15 um horizontally, to carry out surface-to-surface scans of thin sections of parchment. Up to 200 images can be taken in a single cross-sectional scan of a 300 ím thick parchment section. This allows for X-ray diffraction analysis of features present only in specific areas of the parchment, such as at the surface. The orientation of collagen fibrils in the plane of the parchment, the effects of laser cleaning (including possible laser induced damage), mineral phases and crystalline lipids present in samples, and parchment structure under an inked region are investigated. It is shown that the long collagen fibril axis lies parallel to the parchment surface throughout the sections. Laser cleaning appears not to damage the collagen in parchment, while laser-damaged samples display gelatinization of the collagen at the surface. Polymorphs of calcium carbonate were detected in several samples but in most cases were not confined to the surfaces, as would be expected if the chalk finishing process was the main source of mineral phases in parchment. Crystalline lipid is found in most samples and appears to exhibit a preferential alignment with the plane of the phospholipid bilayer arranged parallel to the long fibril axis of collagen. The d spacing of the lipid is variable throughout a parchment section, indicating fluctuations in the hydration state, phase, or biochemical composition of the lipid. Ink affects the parchment to a depth of approximately 90 um, as measured by principal components analysis, disrupting the structure of the collagen to this depth. These features demonstrate the ability of this technique to examine diagenesis of individual components of parchment on a scale not previously studied.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherAmerican Chemical Societyen_UK
dc.relationKennedy CJ, Hiller JC, Lammie D, Vest M, Drakopoulos M, Cooper M, Adderley WP & Wess TJ (2004) Microfocus X-ray Diffraction of Historical Parchment Reveals Variations in Structural Features through Parchment Cross Sections. Nano Letters, 4 (8), pp. 1373-1380. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl049696aen_UK
dc.rightsThe publisher does not allow this work to be made publicly available in this Repository. Please use the Request a Copy feature at the foot of the Repository record to request a copy directly from the author; you can only request a copy if you wish to use this work for your own research or private study.en_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/under-embargo-all-rights-reserveden_UK
dc.subjectParchmenten_UK
dc.subjectSynchrotronen_UK
dc.subjectX-rayen_UK
dc.subjectEcofactsen_UK
dc.subjectArchaeological geologyen_UK
dc.subjectX-ray optics Instrumentsen_UK
dc.subjectSynchrotron radiationen_UK
dc.titleMicrofocus X-ray Diffraction of Historical Parchment Reveals Variations in Structural Features through Parchment Cross Sectionsen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.rights.embargodate3000-01-01en_UK
dc.rights.embargoreason[Kennedy_parchment_nanolett2004.pdf] The publisher does not allow this work to be made publicly available in this Repository therefore there is an embargo on the full text of the work.en_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1021/nl049696aen_UK
dc.citation.jtitleNano Lettersen_UK
dc.citation.issn1530-6992en_UK
dc.citation.issn1530-6984en_UK
dc.citation.volume4en_UK
dc.citation.issue8en_UK
dc.citation.spage1373en_UK
dc.citation.epage1380en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.author.emailw.p.adderley@stir.ac.uken_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationCardiff Universityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationCardiff Universityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationCardiff Universityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationSchool of Conservation, Denmarken_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facilityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationNational Museums Liverpoolen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationBiological and Environmental Sciencesen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationCardiff Universityen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000223292800002en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-4444262479en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid832621en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0001-5552-1696en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2004-08-31en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2009-07-30en_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorKennedy, Craig J|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorHiller, Jennifer C|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorLammie, Donna|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorVest, Marie|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorDrakopoulos, Michael|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorCooper, Martin|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorAdderley, W Paul|0000-0001-5552-1696en_UK
local.rioxx.authorWess, Timothy J|en_UK
local.rioxx.projectInternal Project|University of Stirling|https://isni.org/isni/0000000122484331en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate3000-01-01en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/under-embargo-all-rights-reserved||en_UK
local.rioxx.filenameKennedy_parchment_nanolett2004.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
local.rioxx.source1530-6984en_UK
Appears in Collections:Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal Articles

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