A new stable isotope approach identifies the fate of ozone in plant-soil systems

Abstract

We show that the stable isotope 18O can be used to trace ozone into different components of the plant–soil system at environmentally relevant concentrations. • We exposed plants and soils to 18O-labelled ozone and used isotopic enrichment in plant dry matter, leaf water and leaf apoplast, as well as in soil dry matter and soil water, to identify sites of ozone-derived 18O accumulation. • It was shown that isotopic accumulation rates in plants can be used to infer the location of primary ozone-reaction sites, and that those in bare soils are dependent on water content. However, the isotopic accumulation rates measured in leaf tissue were much lower than the modelled stomatal flux of ozone. • Our new approach has considerable potential to elucidate the fate and reactions of ozone within both plants and soils, at scales ranging from plant communities to cellular defence mechanisms.