The psychological effects of cross-training on elite athletes: a mixed methods exploration of social identity, mental health, and sport commitment

Abstract

Background: An athlete’s mental health is crucial for their overall wellbeing, training effectiveness, and optimal performance. Social identity plays a central role in shaping an athlete’s psychological state, influencing their vulnerability to poor mental health and suboptimal performance outcomes. Due to the intense specialisation often required in elite sport from a young age, athletes typically develop a strong Athletic Identity but a narrow Social Identity, commonly referred to as exclusive Athletic Identity. While this exclusivity supports performance success, the Social Identity Approach and the Social Identity Model for Identity Change highlight the associated risks, including poor mental health outcomes, reduced resilience, and challenges during transitions. A broader Social Identity, encompassing multiple groups, has been shown to mitigate these risks, improve mental health outcomes, and support smoother transitions. However, achieving a balance between a strong Athletic Identity and a diverse Social Identity presents a significant challenge for athletes. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the viability of cross-training as a potential solution to this dilemma, while also exploring previously unexamined psychological effects of cross-training on elite athletes. Methods: Forty elite athlete scholars (26 males, 14 females) from the University of Stirling participated in a six-week cross-training intervention, selecting and engaging in a secondary sport alongside their regular training. Pre- and post-programme measures included Social Identity Maps and four standardised questionnaires (AIMS, SIQS, SCQ-2, and PSS). Post-intervention, participants also took part in semi-structured focus groups and interviews. Data was analysed using a deductive thematic approach, guided by existing theory, and integrated with quantitative results and identity maps data to support triangulation and theme development. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed no statistically significant changes across the four psychological scales. However, 20 participants expanded their Social Identity Maps to include at least one cross-training-related group. Deductive analysis of qualitative data generated 18 categories and nine core themes, which, when triangulated with quantitative and mapping data, were synthesised into six higher-order themes. Conclusions: A six-week cross-training programme broadens elite athletes’ Social Identity, with significant implications for stress reduction, resilience during hardships, and smoother transitions. Importantly, this can be achieved without diminishing Athletic Identity. Cross-training may even enhance sport commitment, though further research is required.