Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/30436
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dc.contributor.authorJackson, Sarah Een_UK
dc.contributor.authorBrown, Jamieen_UK
dc.contributor.authorUssher, Michaelen_UK
dc.contributor.authorShahab, Lionen_UK
dc.contributor.authorSteptoe, Andrewen_UK
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Leeen_UK
dc.date.accessioned2019-11-07T01:01:32Z-
dc.date.available2019-11-07T01:01:32Z-
dc.date.issued2019-11-27en_UK
dc.identifier.othere032852en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/30436-
dc.description.abstractObjectives: To (i) estimate the combined risks of cigarette smoking and physical inactivity for chronic disease, disability, and depressive symptoms, and (ii) determine whether risks associated with these behaviours are additive or synergistic. Design and setting: Longitudinal observational population study using data from Waves 2 (2004/05) through 8 (2016/17) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults in England. Participants: 6,425 men and women aged ≥52 years (mean [SD] 65.88 [9.34] years) at baseline. Main outcome measures: Smoking status (never; former; current) and level of physical activity (high, defined as moderate/vigorous physical activity [MVPA] more than once a week; low, defined as MVPA once a week or less) were self-reported at Wave 2 baseline. Self-rated health, limiting long-standing illness, chronic conditions (coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, cancer, chronic lung disease), and depressive symptoms were reported in each biennial wave. Results: Both smoking and low levels of physical activity were associated with increased risk of incident health problems over the 12-year follow-up period. Current smokers with low levels of physical activity had especially high risks of developing fair/poor self-rated health, CHD, stroke, cancer, and chronic lung disease compared with highly active never smokers (RRadj range 1.89-14.00). While additive effects were evident, tests of multiplicative interactions revealed no evidence of large synergistic effects of smoking and low physical activity (Bayes factor range 0.04-0.61), although data were insensitive to detect smaller effects. Conclusions: Among older adults in England, there was no evidence of large synergistic effects of smoking and low levels of physical activity on risk of developing chronic disease or depressive symptoms over 12 years. However, additive effects of smoking and low levels of physical activity were evident, underscoring the importance of each of these lifestyle risk behaviours for disease onset.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherBMJ Publishing Groupen_UK
dc.relationJackson SE, Brown J, Ussher M, Shahab L, Steptoe A & Smith L (2019) Combined health risks of cigarette smoking and low levels of physical activity: a prospective cohort study in England with 12-year follow-up. BMJ Open, 9 (11), Art. No.: e032852. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032852en_UK
dc.rights© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.en_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_UK
dc.subjectsmokingen_UK
dc.subjectphysical activityen_UK
dc.subjectself-rated healthen_UK
dc.subjectcoronary heart diseaseen_UK
dc.subjectstrokeen_UK
dc.subjectcanceren_UK
dc.subjectlung diseaseen_UK
dc.subjectdepressionen_UK
dc.titleCombined health risks of cigarette smoking and low levels of physical activity: a prospective cohort study in England with 12-year follow-upen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.rights.embargodate2019-11-27en_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032852en_UK
dc.identifier.pmid31780593en_UK
dc.citation.jtitleBMJ Openen_UK
dc.citation.issn2044-6055en_UK
dc.citation.volume9en_UK
dc.citation.issue11en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.contributor.funderEconomic and Social Research Councilen_UK
dc.contributor.funderCancer Research UKen_UK
dc.author.emailmichael.ussher@stir.ac.uken_UK
dc.citation.date27/11/2019en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Londonen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Londonen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute for Social Marketingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Londonen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Londonen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationAnglia Ruskin Universityen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000512774800344en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-85075799169en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid1477332en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0002-0995-7955en_UK
dc.date.accepted2019-11-05en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2019-11-05en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2019-11-06en_UK
rioxxterms.apcnot requireden_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorJackson, Sarah E|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBrown, Jamie|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorUssher, Michael|0000-0002-0995-7955en_UK
local.rioxx.authorShahab, Lion|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSteptoe, Andrew|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSmith, Lee|en_UK
local.rioxx.projectProject ID unknown|Cancer Research UK|http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000289en_UK
local.rioxx.projectProject ID unknown|Economic and Social Research Council|http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000269en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate2019-11-27en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/under-embargo-all-rights-reserved||2019-11-27en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|2019-11-27|en_UK
local.rioxx.filenamee032852.full.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
local.rioxx.source2044-6055en_UK
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