Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21399
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dc.contributor.authorSimon-Delso, Noaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorAmaral-Rogers, Vanessaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorBelzunces, Luc Pen_UK
dc.contributor.authorBonmatin, Jean-Marcen_UK
dc.contributor.authorChagnon, Madeleineen_UK
dc.contributor.authorDowns, Craigen_UK
dc.contributor.authorFurlan, Lorenzoen_UK
dc.contributor.authorGibbons, David Wen_UK
dc.contributor.authorGiorio, Chiaraen_UK
dc.contributor.authorGirolami, Vincenzoen_UK
dc.contributor.authorGoulson, Daveen_UK
dc.contributor.authorKreutzweiser, David Pen_UK
dc.contributor.authorKrupke, Christian Hen_UK
dc.contributor.authorLiess, Matthiasen_UK
dc.contributor.authorWhitehorn, Penelope Ren_UK
dc.date.accessioned2018-01-20T02:59:47Z-
dc.date.available2018-01-20T02:59:47Z-
dc.date.issued2015-01en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/21399-
dc.description.abstractSince their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time-depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. A wide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherSpringeren_UK
dc.relationSimon-Delso N, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces LP, Bonmatin J, Chagnon M, Downs C, Furlan L, Gibbons DW, Giorio C, Girolami V, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke CH, Liess M & Whitehorn PR (2015) Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22 (1), pp. 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-yen_UK
dc.rightsCopyright The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.comen_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_UK
dc.subjectNeonicotinoiden_UK
dc.subjectFipronilen_UK
dc.subjectTrendsen_UK
dc.subjectMechanism of actionen_UK
dc.subjectAgricultureen_UK
dc.subjectSeed treatmenten_UK
dc.subjectSystemic insecticidesen_UK
dc.subjectMetabolitesen_UK
dc.titleSystemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolitesen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11356-014-3470-yen_UK
dc.citation.jtitleEnvironmental Science and Pollution Researchen_UK
dc.citation.issn1614-7499en_UK
dc.citation.issn0944-1344en_UK
dc.citation.volume22en_UK
dc.citation.issue1en_UK
dc.citation.spage5en_UK
dc.citation.epage34en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.author.emailp.r.whitehorn@stir.ac.uken_UK
dc.description.notesAdditional co-authors: E. Long, M. McField, P. Mineau, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. A. Morrissey, D. A. Noome, L. Pisa, J. Settele, J. D. Stark, A. Tapparo, H. Van Dyck, J. Van Praagh, J. P. Van der Sluijs, M. Wiemersen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUtrecht Universityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationBuglifeen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationFrench National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationThe National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationHaereticus Environmental Laboratoryen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationVeneto Agricolturaen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Cambridgeen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Paduaen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Sussexen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationNatural Resources Canadaen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationPurdue Universityen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Germanyen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationBiological and Environmental Sciencesen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000347407200002en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-84908520885en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid605944en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0001-9852-1012en_UK
dc.date.accepted2014-08-15en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2014-08-15en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2015-01-21en_UK
rioxxterms.apcnot requireden_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorSimon-Delso, Noa|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorAmaral-Rogers, Vanessa|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBelzunces, Luc P|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBonmatin, Jean-Marc|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorChagnon, Madeleine|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorDowns, Craig|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorFurlan, Lorenzo|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGibbons, David W|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGiorio, Chiara|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGirolami, Vincenzo|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGoulson, Dave|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorKreutzweiser, David P|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorKrupke, Christian H|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorLiess, Matthias|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorWhitehorn, Penelope R|0000-0001-9852-1012en_UK
local.rioxx.projectInternal Project|University of Stirling|https://isni.org/isni/0000000122484331en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate2015-01-31en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/under-embargo-all-rights-reserved||2015-01-31en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|2015-01-31|en_UK
local.rioxx.filenameEnviron Sci Pollut Res 2015.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
local.rioxx.source0944-1344en_UK
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