Technology transfer for commercial aquaculture development in Veracruz, Mexico

Abstract

This work presents results of the research project "Technology Transfer for Commercial Aquaculture Development in Veracruz, Mexico", conducted during 2001-2006 and whose overall aim was to achieve a better understanding of the different processes involved in technology transfer and extension in Veracruz, and their role in tilapia culture development in terms of characteristics, intensity and direction. Data and information were collected by personal interviews and through participant-observation techniques. The most relevant regional initiatives that have promoted tilapia farming were analyzed, as well as the current key actors of aquaculture development and their roles. 142 tilapia farmers were also typified and closely monitored. Dissemination and adoption of technical information regarding tilapia culture were evaluated through the development and use of a Technology Level Index (TLI). Findings revealed that the tilapia sector in Veracruz is diverse and immersed in a rather complex arena, where policy and finance issues, and the role of demand, linked in with market chains and their functioning are major determinants of further expansion. Farm producers were sharply differentiated by production size, degree of commercialisation, experience in production, and access to assets. Most entrants were the result of social development interventions with significant level of subsidy, which often resulted in low levels of productivity and high abandonment rates. However, for the most vulnerable groups, tilapia culture apparently provided a way to diversify their livelihood portfolio. Availability of local knowledge and expertise appeared to enhance and stimulate the dissemination and adoption of tilapia farming technology, and hence human capital. Private sector and collective action are likely to play an increasing and decisive role in the direction of the industry, while people-oriented and participative approaches are likely to be the best way to deliver technical information to small-scale farmers, and maintain good equity of access and opportunity. Methodologically, TLIs proved to be useful in the quantification and evaluation of technological change. Moreover, the Sustainable Livelihoods framework provided an adequate platform for understanding the needs of specific groups, particularly in terms of vulnerability and policies, institutions and processes.