Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12904
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dc.contributor.authorVarnik, Airien_UK
dc.contributor.authorSisask, Merikeen_UK
dc.contributor.authorVärnik, Peeteren_UK
dc.contributor.authorWu, Jingen_UK
dc.contributor.authorKolves, Kairien_UK
dc.contributor.authorArensman, Ellaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorMaxwell, Margareten_UK
dc.contributor.authorReisch, Thomasen_UK
dc.contributor.authorGusmao, Ricardoen_UK
dc.contributor.authorAudenhove, Chantal vanen_UK
dc.contributor.authorScheerder, Jeroenen_UK
dc.contributor.authorvan der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina Men_UK
dc.contributor.authorCoffey, Claireen_UK
dc.contributor.authorKopp, Mariaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorSzekely, Andrasen_UK
dc.contributor.authorRoskar, Saskaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorHegerl, Ulrichen_UK
dc.date.accessioned2016-03-14T23:33:58Z-
dc.date.available2016-03-14T23:33:58Z-
dc.date.issued2011-01-29en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/12904-
dc.description.abstractBackground: There is a lack of international research on suicide by drug overdose as a preventable suicide method. Sex- and age-specific rates of suicide by drug self-poisoning (ICD-10, X60-64) and the distribution of drug types used in 16 European countries were studied, and compared with other self-poisoning methods (X65-69) and intentional self-injury (X70-84).Methods: Data for 2000-04/05 were collected from national statistical offices. Age-adjusted suicide rates, and age and sex distributions, were calculated.Results: No pronounced sex differences in drug self-poisoning rates were found, either in the aggregate data (males 1.6 and females 1.5 per 100,000) or within individual countries. Among the 16 countries, the range (from some 0.3 in Portugal to 5.0 in Finland) was wide. 'Other and unspecified drugs' (X64) were recorded most frequently, with a range of 0.2-1.9, and accounted for more than 70% of deaths by drug overdose in France, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain. Psychotropic drugs (X61) ranked second. The X63 category ('other drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system') was least frequently used. Finland showed low X64 and high X61 figures, Scotland had high levels of X62 ('narcotics and hallucinogens, not elsewhere classified') for both sexes, while England exceeded other countries in category X60. Risk was highest among the middle-aged everywhere except in Switzerland, where the elderly were most at risk.Conclusions: Suicide by drug overdose is preventable. Intentional self-poisoning with drugs kills as many males as females. The considerable differences in patterns of self-poisoning found in the various European countries are relevant to national efforts to improve diagnostics of suicide and appropriate specific prevention. The fact that vast majority of drug-overdose suicides came under the category X64 refers to the need of more detailed ICD coding system for overdose suicides is needed to permit better design of suicide-prevention strategies at national level.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen_UK
dc.relationVarnik A, Sisask M, Värnik P, Wu J, Kolves K, Arensman E, Maxwell M, Reisch T, Gusmao R, Audenhove Cv, Scheerder J, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Coffey C, Kopp M, Szekely A, Roskar S & Hegerl U (2011) Drug suicide: a sex-equal cause of death in 16 European countries. <i>BMC Public Health</i>, 11 (Article 61). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-61en_UK
dc.rights© 2011 Värnik et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/61en_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_UK
dc.subjectDrug abuseen_UK
dc.subjectSuicideen_UK
dc.titleDrug suicide: a sex-equal cause of death in 16 European countriesen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/1471-2458-11-61en_UK
dc.citation.jtitleBMC Public Healthen_UK
dc.citation.issn1471-2458en_UK
dc.citation.volume11en_UK
dc.citation.issueArticle 61en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.author.emailmargaret.maxwell@stir.ac.uken_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEstonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEstonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEstonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEstonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationEstonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI)en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Corken_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationNMAHPen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Bernen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationNew University of Lisbonen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationKU Leuvenen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationKatholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgiumen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationTrimbos Instituuten_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity College Corken_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationSemmelweis University Budapesten_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationSemmelweis University Budapesten_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Primorskaen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity Leipzigen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000287251700001en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-79251578338en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid708674en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0003-3318-9500en_UK
dc.date.accepted2011-01-29en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2011-01-29en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2013-05-15en_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorVarnik, Airi|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSisask, Merike|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorVärnik, Peeter|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorWu, Jing|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorKolves, Kairi|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorArensman, Ella|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorMaxwell, Margaret|0000-0003-3318-9500en_UK
local.rioxx.authorReisch, Thomas|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorGusmao, Ricardo|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorAudenhove, Chantal van|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorScheerder, Jeroen|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorvan der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina M|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorCoffey, Claire|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorKopp, Maria|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSzekely, Andras|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorRoskar, Saska|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorHegerl, Ulrich|en_UK
local.rioxx.projectInternal Project|University of Stirling|https://isni.org/isni/0000000122484331en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate2013-05-15en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|2013-05-15|en_UK
local.rioxx.filenameMaxwell_2011_Drug_suicide.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
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